Table 1 Summary data of retrieved manuscripts grouped by the type of surgery and by the date of publication
From: Vitamin D status and surgical outcomes: a systematic review
Reference (Ref. No.) | Surgery | Design | Mean Age | Sample Size | Power analysis | Assay | Categorical or Continuous | Duration | Adverse Postoperative Outcomes Associated with Low Vitamin D Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nawabi et al. [9] | hip arthroplasty | prospective, observational | 71 | 62 | no | 25(OH)D, RIA | categorical, 16 ng/mL threshold | 6 months | decreased Harris hip scores |
Unnanuntana et al. [10] | hip arthroplasty | retrospective | 66 | 200 | no | 25(OH)D, RIA | categorical, < 20, 20–31, > 31 ng/mL thresholds | to discharge | decreased ambulation distance after surgery |
Unnanuntana et al. [11] | hip arthroplasty | prospective, observational | 67 | 178 | yes | 25(OH)D, RIA | categorical, 30 ng/mL threshold | 6 weeks | none |
Lavernia, et al. [12] | hip arthroplasty | retrospective | 70 | 60 | no | 25(OH)D, HPLC | categorical, 20 ng/mL and 30 ng/mL thresholds compared | 3-24 months | decreased Harris and Merle d’Aubigne-Postel hip scores |
Mak et al. [13] | hip fracture surgery | prospective, randomized trial | 84 | 218 | no | 25(OH)D, RIA | continuous | 26 weeks | increased pain scores |
Reid et al. [14] | knee arthroplasty | prospective, observational | 75 | 33 | no | 25(OH)D, LC-MS/MS | continuous | 3 months | vitamin D status declines for 3 months after surgery, is not correlated with changes in C-reactive protein concentrations |
Jansen et al. [15] | knee arthroplasty | prospective, observational | 71 | 139 | no | 25(OH)D, RIA | categorical, 16 ng/mL threshold | 6 months | decreased Knee Society scores, “lack of power” |
Barker et al. [16] | anterior cruciate ligament repair | retrospective | 31 | 18 | no | 25(OH)D, CIA | categorical, 30 ng/mL threshold | 3 months | decreased postoperative knee strength |
Lee et al. [17] | wrist fracture surgery | retrospective | >50 | 63 | yes | 25(OH)D, LC-MS/MS | categorical, < 20, 20–32, > 32 ng/mL thresholds | 6 months | recovery of grip strength correlates with vitamin D supplementation, not baseline vitamin D status |
Maier et al. [18] | hip, knee and shoulder prosthesis | prospective,observational | 67 | 190 | no | 25(OH)D, CIA | categorical, 30 ng/mL threshold | variable | periprosthetic joint infection |
Kim et al. [19] | spinal fusion | prospective, observational | 66 | 31 | no | 25(OH)D, RIA | categorical, <20, 20–30, > 30 ng/mL thresholds | 12 months | decreased Oswestry Disability Index and quality of life scores |
Carlin et al. [20] | gastric bypass | prospective, randomized trial | 43 | 60 | no | 25(OH)D, RIA | categorical, 20 ng/mL threshold | 12 months | hypertension and decreased bone mineral density |
Quraishi et al. [21] | gastric bypass | retrospective | 47 | 770 | no | 25(OH)D, not reported | categorical, 10, 20 and 30 ng/mL thresholds compared | variable | surgical site, and hospital-acquired (CRUTI, pneumonia, bacteremia) infections |
Ducloux et al. [22] | kidney transplant | retrospective | 46 | 363 | no | 25(OH)D, not reported | categorical, <10, 10–32, > 32 ng/mL thresholds | 24 months | cancer |
Falkiewiscz et al. [23] | kidney transplant | prospective, observational | 43 | 90 | no | 1,25-(OH)2D, RIA | categorical, 15 pg/mL threshold | 24 months | delayed graft function and graft loss |
Kim et al. [24] | kidney transplant | retrospective | 40 | 106 | no | 25(OH)D, RIA | categorical, 10 ng/mL threshold | 36 months | decreased graft function, and biopsy proven acute rejection |
Bienaime et al. [25] | kidney transplant | prospective, observational | 48 | 634 | no | 25(OH)D and 1,25-(OH)2D, not reported | continuous | 12 months | decreased graft function, interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy |
Lee et al. [26] | kidney transplant | retrospective | 52 | 351 | no | 25(OH)D, RIA | categorical, 20 ng/mL threshold | 12 months | acute cellular rejection |
Bitetto et al. [27] | liver transplant | retrospective | 55 | 133 | no | 25(OH)D, RIA | categorical, <5, 5–12.5, > 12.5 ng/mL thresholds | 8 months | acute cellular rejection |
Lowery et al. [28] | lung transplant | retrospective | 51 | 102 | no | 25(OH)D, RIA | categorical, 30 ng/mL threshold | 12 months | acute cellular rejection, bacterial, viral, fungal infection, increased one year mortality |
Bashutski et al., [29] | periodontal open flap debridement | prospective, randomized trial | 48 | 40 | no | 25(OH)D, not reported | categorical, 20 ng/mL threshold | 12 months | loss of clinical attachment, increased probing depth, decreased bony defect resolution |
Turan et al. [30] | non-cardiac surgery | retrospective | 58 | 3509 | yes | 25(OH)D, not reported | continuous, and by quintile | to discharge | increased risk for composite in-hospital mortality, serious infections and cardiovascular events |
Zitterman et al. [31] | cardiac transplant | prospective, observational | 58 | 171 | no | 25(OH)D and 1,25-(OH)2D, not reported | categorical, 10 ng/mL threshold | 12 months | Increased one year mortality |
Borgermann et al. [32] | coronary bypass graft, valve replacement | prospective, observational | 70 | 59 | no | 25(OH)D, RIA, and 1,25-(OH)2D, ELISA | continuous | 30 days | increased risk for composite in-hospital mortality, myocardial infarction, low cardiac output syndrome, infection, and stroke, decreased glomerular filtration rate |
Zittermann et al. [33] | cardiac transplant and non-transplant cardiac surgery | prospective, observational | not reported | 208 | no | 25(OH)D, RIA, and 1,25-(OH)2D, ELISA | continuous | 30 days | decreased glomerular filtration rate |
Turan et al. [34] | cardiac surgery | retrospective | not reported | 426 | yes | 25(OH)D, not reported | continuous | 30 days | none |
Zittermann et al. [35] | non-transplant cardiac surgery | prospective, observational | 70 | 4418 | no | 25(OH)D, RIA | categorical, <12, 12–20, 20–30, 30–40, >40 ng/mL thresholds | 12 months | increased risk of in-hospital mortality, myocardial infarction, low cardiac output syndrome, stroke, 6 and 12 month mortality; U-shaped risk for prolonged ventilatory support and intensive care unit (ICU) stay |
Zittermann et al. [36] | non-transplant cardiac surgery | prospective, observational | 70 | 3371 | no | 25(OH)D, RIA, and 1,25-(OH)2D, LC-MS/MS | categorical, <12, 12–20, 20–30, 30–40, >40 ng/mL thresholds, and by quintile | to discharge | increased risk of in-hospital mortality, myocardial infarction, low cardiac output syndrome, stroke; |
Sriram et al. [37] | cardiac surgery | prospective | 59 | 64 | no | LC-MS/MS | continuous and categorical | to discharge | prolonged hospital length of stay |
Graham et al. [38] | cardiac bypass surgery | prospective, observational | 9 days | 70 | no | 25(OH)D, RIA | categorical, 20 ng/mL threshold | to discharge | increased inotrope requirement |
McNally et al. [39] | congential heart disease surgery | prospective, observational and retrospective | 6 months | 58 | no | 25(OH)D, LC-MS/MS | continuous, and categorical, 10 ng/mL threshold | to discharge | increased fluid and inotrope requirement, and intubation duration |