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Fig. 3 | Patient Safety in Surgery

Fig. 3

From: Impact of the surgical modality for axillary lymph node dissection on postoperative drainage and seroma formation after total mastectomy

Fig. 3

The relationship between the surgical modality and total fluid discharge volume. Group D: skin flap formation by electrocautery and axillary lymph node dissection by picking up using forceps and ligation (Surgeon D). Group A: skin flap formation by electrocautery and axillary lymph node dissection by electrocautery with ligation of the arteries and veins (Surgeons A, C and E). Group B: skin flap formation by electrocautery and axillary lymph node dissection by ultrasonic dissector without ligating the vessels (Surgeon B)

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