Table 3 Uni- and multivariable analysis of risk factors for 90-day survival, major complications, and any complications. Abbreviations: CD: Clavien-Dindo; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; HR: heart rate; RAI: risk analysis index

Gender

0.39

0.58

0.65

Smoker

0.98

0.49

0.74

ECOG

0.16

0.78

0.19

0.64 (0.36 to 1.13; p = 0.12)

0.97 (0.83 to 1.12; p = 0.63)

Anemia

1.0

0.01

0.33

1.13 (0.80 to 1.57; p = 0.49)

Sarcopenia

0.91

0.14

0.01

1.70 (0.94 to 3.10; p = 0.08)

HR changing medication

0.81

0.62

0.77

Protein-enriched drinks

0.45

0.57

0.93

Malignant disease

0.13

0.02

0.08

1.13 (0.55 to 2.06; p = 0.84)

1.14 (0.58 to 2.21; p = 0.70)

1.07 (0.54 to 2.08; p = 0.84)

Medical specialty

0.85

0.27

0.17

0.97 (0.83 to 1.12; p = 0.63)

Type of procedure

0.50

0.004

0.002

1.0 (0.99 to 1.01; p = 0.21)

1.00 (0.99 to 1.01; p = 0.34)

RAI score

< 0.001

0.02

0.20

3.45 (0.39 to 30.3; p = 0.26)

1.01 (0.61 to 1.93; p = 0.79)

1.11 (0.64 to 1.94; p = 0.70)

TUG

< 0.001

0.009

0.75

8.28 (0.82 to 84.1; p = 0.07)

1.01 (0.58 to 1.79; p = 0.17)

High-risk patient

0.04

0.001

0.38

1.66 (0.09 to 30.3; p = 0.73)

0.77 (0.37 to 1.59; p = 0.48)

1.01 (0.69 to 1.46; p = 0.96)

Weight loss

0.81

0.002

002

1.29 (0.89 to 1.88; p = 0.17)

1.24 (0.84 to 1.82; p = 0.27)

Renal failure

0.59

0.97

0.73

Cardiac failure

0.59

0.83

0.91

Inappetence

0.15

0.69

0.21

1.29 (0.79 to 2.12; p = 0.31)

Shortness of breath

0.83

0.35

0.77

ADL mobility

0.009

0.38

0.68

1.72 (0.21 to 13.9; p = 0.61)

ADL eat

0.99

0.62

0.93

ADL toilet

< 0.001

0.56

0.86

0.53 (0.07 to 13.9; p = 0.61)

Cognitive decline within three months before surgery

0.53

0.32

0.76